Immigration:
1840 to 1860, 4.2 million immigrants
1.5 million Irish 1845-46 [potato blight]
Four out of five settled in the Northeast
They were displaced and footloose in their homelands before they felt the tug of the American magnet. Indeed at least as many people moved about within Europe as crossed the Atlantic. America benefited from these people-churning changes but did not set them all in motion. Nor was the United States the sole beneficiary of the process: of the nearly 60 million people who abandoned Europe in the century after 1840, about 25 million went somewhere other than the United States.
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