Charles Grandison Finney and the Second Great Awakening

Gave up a career in law to become a charismatic itinerant preacher, sparked the beginnings of the revival movement in 1826,and it reached its fiery peak in 1831 when over a 100,000 new members joined Protestant churches.

The Mormons

The Church of Later Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. 

acceptance of polygamy proved controversial , and the Mormons began their trek west in 1831

William Lloyd Garrison

January 1, 1831
Publishes the Liberator newspaper for 35 years (1,820 issues)

Radical who sought immediate uncompensated emancipation 

Alex de Tocqueville 

author of Democracy in America 

de Tocqueville came to the United States from France in 1831. 

Interested in observing slavery and gave his views about its effects upon Americans and their nation.

Nat Turner

“The Prophet” leads an unsuccessful revolt in August 1831

Believing in signs and hearing divine voices, Turner was convinced by an eclipse of the Sun in 1831

that the time to rise up against local slave owners had come.

Turner's band of over 60 insurrectionists, moved systematically

from plantation to plantation slaughtering over 60 white residents

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia  1831 

 In 1830 President Andrew Jackson m was eagerly signed The Indian Removal Act .

Supreme Court, which ruled against the Cherokees in 1831.The Supreme Court ruled that  Indians weren't

 independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government.

 Nullification Crisis- Compromise of 1832
Tariffs from 1816-1832 passed to protect American Industry.

South Carolina claims right to nullify a federal law.

With the help of Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser),  the tariff is reduced from 45% to 28%