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The Spanish-American -Cuban War only lasted 100 days, cost the United States almost nothing in terms of casualties and brought the country significant gains in territory, turning the former set of colonies into an empire of her own.
American Wars as Turning Points
Prompt: Evaluate the extent to which the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) marked a turning point in the debate over slavery in the United States, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the war to the period after it.
Prompt: Evaluate the extent to which the Spanish-American War was a turning point in foreign policy in the United States.
CUBAN Historical Context: (1868 to 1898 )Beginning in 1868, the people of Cuba commenced the Ten Years' War in an attempt to overthrow their Spanish rulers. Unsuccessful, they mounted a second rebellion in 1879 which resulted in a brief conflict known as the Little War. Again defeated, the Cubans were granted minor concessions by the Spanish government. Fifteen years later, and with the encouragement and support of leaders such as José Martí, another effort was launched. Having defeated the two previous insurrections, the Spanish took a heavy hand in attempting to put down the third. Using harsh policies that included concentration camps, General Valeriano Weyler sought to crush the rebels.
AMERICANHistorical Context 1898 : Imperialistic Impulses (1890's), Alfred Thayer Mahan,(1890) , and the Columbian Exposition (1893); Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)
The American public which had deep commercial concerns in Cuba and who were fed a constant series of sensationalist headlines by newspapers such as Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. As the situation on the island worsened, President William McKinley dispatched the cruiser USS Maine to Havana to protect American interests. The USS Maine's mobilization was aimed at protecting and evacuating Americans if danger occurred while also giving voice to popular distaste for Spain’s re-concentration policies. (Sent ostensibly as a “friendly visit”)
Immediate cause of Spanish American War (Feb. 15, 1898): The explosion of USS Maine killed 266 men. Spanish investigation announced explosion as internal, presumably accidental. American version reported blast caused by a mine.
"The entire male body of Lafayette College in Pennsylvania volunteered en masse to fight the Spanish in Cuba. The faculty met at Cornell University and decided that anybody who fought in the war would essentially receive credit for it, that they would not be penalized for going off to war instead of staying back and taking their courses." Historian Walter LaFeber
The Battle of San Juan Hill (1 July 1898), also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish–American War. The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were given to the location by the Americans.
This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war. It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders, as claimed by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who was to eventually become first vice-president and then president, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War By the Numbers….Cost: $250,000,000
Combat deaths: 385 American battle deaths (1/20th the number lost at Gettysburg)
Non-combat deaths: 4,000 + deaths from disease and poisoned meat
Consequences of the Spanish American War - “ A Splendid Little War”
Acquisitions: Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded (To surrender possession of, especially by treaty) to the United States as indemnity (compensation for a particular loss suffered), and the Philippines were surrendered to the United States for a payment of $20 million.
The Curse of Empire? Perplexities in Cuba
Teller Amendment (1898) pledged that U.S. would guarantee self-rule to Cubans. The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment of 1898, withdrew from Cuba in 1902
The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own constitution. The Platt Amendment (1901) decreed that the United States might intervene with troops in Cuba in order to restore order and to provide mutual protection. The Cubans also promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations to the U.S.
Foraker Act of 1900, gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government
The Jones Act of 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship. The American regime in Puerto Rico worked wonders in education, sanitation, transportation, and other improvements.
The Insular Cases (1901-1903)
"Does the Constitution follow the flag?"
Beginning in 1901 with the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court declared that the Constitution
DID NOT extend to the Philippines and Puerto Rico.
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