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The South and the Growth of King Cotton [1830 to 1865]
The continuing dominance of large-scale plantation agriculture in the South affects the social, political, and economic fabric of southern life
AP Focus The explosion of cotton production fastened the slave system deeply upon the South, creating a complex hierarchical racial and social that deeply affected whites as well as blacks. REVIEW TIMELINE:African Americans and Slavery
“Slavery is like a sleeping serpent” Thomas Jefferson
Many Americans were embarrassed by the contradiction posed by a war fought for independence and liberty that kept black thousands of black people in slavery
How do you reconcile the exercise of slavery with the declaration of freedom and liberty? This question led many to set their sights on the elimination of Slavery
Vermont 1777 and New Hampshire 1779 banned slavery outright; Massachusetts in 1780 declared “ all men are born free and equal”
Many religious sects slowly rallied toward the cause against slavery – Pennsylvania Quakers between 1750 and 1800
The Northwest Ordinance 1787 – a federal ordinance under the Articles of Confederation that organized the Northwest Territories (modern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) declared “ there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territories”
The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most unwitting despotism on the one part and degrading submission on the other. Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just; that his justice cannot sleep forever.” Thomas Jefferson, 1782
The Constitutional Convention tackles the issues – Debate over representation is centered on the 3/5th compromise and the Constitution grants the power of the federal government to regulate or even abolish the import of slaves after 1808 – the word slavery is even conspicuously avoided throughout the document
“The hour of emancipation is advancing - it will come” Thomas Jefferson
Question? IF THE HOUR OF EMANCIPATION IS ADVANCING, WHY DO WE 620,000 PEOPLE LOSE THEIR LIVES IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES?
Slavery was heavily concentrated in the South WHY?
From Servitude to Slavery in the Chesapeake Region, 1619-1690
Indentured servants Because of the massive amounts of tobacco crops planted by families, "indentured servants" were brought in from England to work on the farms. In exchange for working, they received transatlantic passage and eventual "freedom dues", including a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and possibly a small piece of land
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Former servants against the government in 1676. The elite turned to a more controllable force of labor in slaves, which had first been brought to Virginia in 1619.
The crop that demanded slave labor in the 17th century tobacco, was in the 18th century no longer the prize of North American agriculture. As the profitability of tobacco waned, so did the enthusiasm for Slavery
#1 A new series of artificially powered machines fuels the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and New England. Starting with the spinning jenny, which eliminated the handwork that had gone into making textiles. Within a generation, cheap mass-produced textiles had laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution
#2 New Englander Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. The cotton gin transformed the processing of raw cotton by eliminating the tedious need to pick the cotton clean of seeds.
IMPACT OF THESE FATAL INVENTIONS
The cost of cotton production dropped, just as the hunger for England’s textile mills was growling even LOUDER
Americas new cash crop – almost as valuable as sugar in the West Indes and much more valuable the tobacco had been to Chesapeake years before
1839 Slaves on the Spanish ship Amistad seize control of ship and massacre all but two crew members. The Supreme Court orders slaves freed and returned to Africa
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