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Virginia and the Chesapeake after 1607 Tobacco planted the seed of profit and sowed conflict in a newly stratified society Southern class structure
The Tidewater region of Virginia is the eastern portion of the Commonwealth of Virginia located near the James and Rappahannock Rivers. The term tidewater may be correctly applied to all portions of any area, including Virginia, where the water level is affected by the tides (more specifically, where the water level rises when the tide comes in). Planters in the early American colonies extended their tobacco productions above the "fall line," where waterfalls or rapids mark the end of the Tidewater and the beginning of the foothill region known as the Piedmont.
Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, gets a portion of Virginia for Catholic haven and profit. - Eventually, growth of Protestants meant Catholics become a minority; Catholics feared loss of religious freedom.
Act of Toleration (1649) Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but instituted death penalty for anyone denying the divinity of Jesus (e.g. Jews & atheists)
Motive: Catholics sought to protect their faith by granting certain degree of religious freedom.
Result - Maryland became largest haven for Catholics in British American colonies
The Restoration Colonies Settlement of the Carolinas
Became last British American colony founded by James Oglethorp (1733) as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state against Spanish and Indian incursions from the South.
Savannah emerged into a diverse community (included German Lutherans & Scottish Highlanders; but no Catholics)
From its founding in 1732 throughout the eighteenth century, Georgia was a place of both religious tolerance and religious pluralism. Georgia's Royal Charter provided for liberty of conscience for all, and for the free exercise of religion by all except Roman Catholics. The Charter did not establish the Church of England or any other church. (Although the Church of England would later be established by law in 1758, it was, in practice, a weak establishment with little real ecclesiastical presence.)
Southern Society -- 18th century
One of the Grand Southern Plantations
Southern class structure (from most powerful to least powerful) Review Spanish caste system
Plantation owners Top of social ladder they ruled region's economy and monopolized political power.
The Headright system allowed planters to received 50 acres of land for each laborer they brought to colonies. The rich will get richer.
Small farmers Comprised largest social group. Were considered far below the prestige and power of the planter class. And most lived meager existences; some owned 1 or 2 slaves Modest sized plots
Landless Whites -- Most were former indentured servants
Indentured Servants Lowest of whites, only black slaves were lower in the class structure.
Between 1607-1676 Indentured servants were the chief source of agricultural labor in the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland.
The system of indentured labor gave English workers an opportunity to improve their lives in America (Social mobility)
Most indenture contracts lasted 4-7 years.
Indentured servants faced difficult conditions. Twenty- Five percent (25%) of indentures will die during a "seasoning period." They could have their labor bought, willed, and attached for debt. women serving as indentured servants had to remain unmarried until they completed their indenture.
Why did the South remained underdeveloped 1. Few cities emerged 2. Life revolved around southern plantations. 3. Poor transportation -- waterways provided principal means of transportation
Why did the colonies differ from England? Demand for labor of indentured servants in the South (indentured servants) and Importation of slaves from Africa
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